networkstandards

WPA3-Enterprise Wireless Security Standards

Overview

This document establishes the standards for WPA3-Enterprise wireless security. WPA3-Enterprise provides the highest level of wireless authentication and encryption for municipal networks, implementing 802.1X authentication with enhanced cryptographic protections.

Standards References

Standard	Title	Ratification Date	Scope
IEEE 802.11-2024	Wireless LAN Medium Access Control	December 2020	Consolidated wireless standard
IEEE 802.11i-2004	Security Enhancements	July 2004	RSN framework (WPA2 basis)
IEEE 802.11w-2009	Protected Management Frames	September 2009	Management frame protection
IEEE 802.11r-2008	Fast BSS Transition	July 2008	Fast roaming
Wi-Fi Alliance WPA3 v3.5	WPA3 Specification	February 2025	WPA3 certification requirements
IETF RFC 9190	EAP-TLS 1.3 Authentication Protocol	February 2022	Certificate-based EAP with TLS 1.3
IETF RFC 8446	TLS 1.3	August 2018	Transport security
NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5	Security Controls	August 2025	Federal security requirements
NIST SP 800-153	Guidelines for Securing WLANs	February 2012	WLAN security guidance
CNSA 2.0	Commercial NSA Suite	September 2022	High-security cryptography

WPA3 Security Modes

Mode Comparison

graph TB
    subgraph WPA3["WPA3 Security Modes"]
        OWE["OWE<br/>(Enhanced Open)"]
        PERSONAL["WPA3-Personal<br/>(SAE)"]
        ENTERPRISE["WPA3-Enterprise<br/>(802.1X)"]
        ENTERPRISE_192["WPA3-Enterprise<br/>192-bit Mode"]
    end

    OWE --> OWE_USE["Guest networks<br/>No password required"]
    PERSONAL --> P_USE["IoT devices<br/>Pre-shared key"]
    ENTERPRISE --> E_USE["Corporate networks<br/>Certificate/credential auth"]
    ENTERPRISE_192 --> E192_USE["High-security environments<br/>Suite B cryptography"]

    subgraph SECURITY_LEVEL["Security Level"]
        S0["Encrypted (no auth)"]
        S1["Good"]
        S2["Better"]
        S3["Best"]
    end

    OWE -.-> S0
    PERSONAL -.-> S1
    ENTERPRISE -.-> S2
    ENTERPRISE_192 -.-> S3

Municipal Security Mode Usage

SSID	Security Mode	Use Case	Standard Reference
MUNI-GUEST	OWE (Enhanced Open)	Visitor/public access	OWE Standards
MUNI-IOT	WPA3-Personal (SAE)	IoT devices	This document
MUNI-CORP	WPA3-Enterprise	Corporate devices	This document
MUNI-SECURE	WPA3-Enterprise 192-bit	High-security systems	This document

WPA3-Enterprise vs. WPA3-Enterprise 192-bit

Feature	WPA3-Enterprise	WPA3-Enterprise 192-bit
Target use	General enterprise	High-security/government
Encryption	AES-CCMP-128 or AES-GCMP-256	AES-GCMP-256 only
Key derivation	HMAC-SHA-256 or HMAC-SHA-384	HMAC-SHA-384 only
EAP method	Any supported (EAP-TLS recommended)¹	EAP-TLS only
Certificate requirements	RSA 2048+ or ECC P-256+	ECC P-384 or RSA 3072+
TLS version	TLS 1.3	TLS 1.3 with Suite B ciphers
PMF (802.11w)	Required	Required (BIP-GMAC-256)
CNSA compliance	Partial	Full

¹ Municipal policy restriction: Although WPA3-Enterprise standard mode permits any EAP method per the Wi-Fi Alliance specification, municipal policy requires EAP-TLS only for all 802.1X authentication. See 802.1X Implementation for the authoritative EAP method policy.

WPA3-Enterprise Architecture

Security Stack

graph TB
    subgraph APPLICATION["Application Layer"]
        APP["Network Applications"]
    end

    subgraph TRANSPORT["Transport Layer"]
        TLS["TLS 1.3<br/>(EAP tunnel)"]
    end

    subgraph AUTHENTICATION["Authentication Layer"]
        EAP["EAP-TLS<br/>(802.1X)"]
        RADIUS["RADIUS"]
    end

    subgraph ENCRYPTION["Encryption Layer"]
        GCMP["AES-GCMP-256<br/>(Data encryption)"]
        PMF["BIP-GMAC-256<br/>(Management frame protection)"]
    end

    subgraph HANDSHAKE["Key Exchange"]
        FOURWAY["4-Way Handshake<br/>(Key confirmation)"]
        PMK["PMK Derivation<br/>(From EAP success)"]
    end

    subgraph PHYSICAL["Physical Layer"]
        RF["802.11ax/be<br/>(Wi-Fi 6/7)"]
    end

    APP --> TLS --> EAP --> GCMP
    EAP --> PMF
    RADIUS --> PMK --> FOURWAY
    GCMP --> RF
    PMF --> RF

Authentication Flow

sequenceDiagram
    participant C as Client (Supplicant)
    participant AP as Access Point
    participant R as RADIUS Server
    participant CA as Certificate Authority

    Note over C,AP: Association (RSN capabilities exchanged)
    C->>AP: Probe Request
    AP->>C: Probe Response (RSN IE: WPA3)
    C->>AP: Authentication Request (Open)
    AP->>C: Authentication Response
    C->>AP: Association Request (RSN IE)
    AP->>C: Association Response

    Note over C,R: EAP-TLS Authentication
    AP->>C: EAP-Request/Identity
    C->>AP: EAP-Response/Identity
    AP->>R: Access-Request (Identity)
    R->>AP: Access-Challenge (EAP-TLS Start)
    AP->>C: EAP-Request (TLS Start)
    C->>AP: EAP-Response (TLS ClientHello)
    AP->>R: Access-Request (ClientHello)
    R->>AP: Access-Challenge (ServerHello, Certificate)
    AP->>C: EAP-Request (ServerHello, Server Cert)

    Note over C,CA: Certificate Validation
    C->>C: Validate server certificate
    C->>AP: EAP-Response (Client Cert, KeyExchange)
    AP->>R: Access-Request (Client Cert)
    R->>CA: Validate client certificate
    CA->>R: Certificate valid

    R->>AP: Access-Accept (MSK)
    AP->>C: EAP-Success

    Note over C,AP: 4-Way Handshake (PMK → PTK)
    AP->>C: Message 1 (ANonce)
    C->>AP: Message 2 (SNonce, MIC)
    AP->>C: Message 3 (GTK, MIC)
    C->>AP: Message 4 (MIC)

    Note over C,AP: Secure Communication Begins

Cryptographic Requirements

WPA3-Enterprise Standard Mode

Component	Requirement	Standard Reference
Pairwise cipher	AES-CCMP-128 or AES-GCMP-256	IEEE 802.11-2024
Group cipher	AES-CCMP-128 or AES-GCMP-256	IEEE 802.11-2024
Group management cipher	BIP-CMAC-128 or BIP-GMAC-256	IEEE 802.11w
Key derivation	HMAC-SHA-256 or HMAC-SHA-384	Wi-Fi Alliance
EAP method	EAP-TLS only (2026 policy)	RFC 9190; see 802.1X Implementation
TLS version	TLS 1.3 minimum	RFC 8446
Server certificate	RSA 2048+ or ECDSA P-256+	Wi-Fi Alliance
Client certificate	RSA 2048+ or ECDSA P-256+	Wi-Fi Alliance

WPA3-Enterprise 192-bit Mode (Recommended for High-Security)

Component	Requirement	Standard Reference
Pairwise cipher	AES-GCMP-256 only	IEEE 802.11-2024
Group cipher	AES-GCMP-256 only	IEEE 802.11-2024
Group management cipher	BIP-GMAC-256 only	IEEE 802.11w
Key derivation	HMAC-SHA-384 only	Wi-Fi Alliance
EAP method	EAP-TLS only	RFC 9190
TLS ciphers	TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384	RFC 8446
Server certificate	ECDSA P-384 or RSA 3072+	CNSA 2.0
Client certificate	ECDSA P-384 or RSA 3072+	CNSA 2.0

CNSA 2.0 Timeline (NSA, September 2022): Networking equipment must support and prefer CNSA 2.0 algorithms by 2026 and use them exclusively by 2030. For WPA3-Enterprise 192-bit deployments, CNSA 2.0 algorithm support is required for all new procurements effective 2026. Existing deployments must plan migration to exclusive CNSA 2.0 use by 2030.

Protected Management Frames (PMF/802.11w)

PMF Overview

PMF protects 802.11 management frames from spoofing and injection attacks:

graph TD
    subgraph PROTECTED["Protected Frames (PMF)"]
        DEAUTH["Deauthentication"]
        DISASSOC["Disassociation"]
        ACTION["Action frames"]
        SA_QUERY["SA Query"]
    end

    subgraph ATTACKS_BLOCKED["Attacks Prevented"]
        ATTACK1["Deauth flood attacks"]
        ATTACK2["Forced disconnection"]
        ATTACK3["Session hijacking"]
        ATTACK4["Evil twin facilitation"]
    end

    DEAUTH --> ATTACK1
    DISASSOC --> ATTACK2
    ACTION --> ATTACK3
    SA_QUERY --> ATTACK4

PMF Configuration Requirements

Setting	WPA3-Enterprise	WPA3-Enterprise 192-bit
PMF mode	Required (mandatory)	Required (mandatory)
IGTK cipher	BIP-CMAC-128 or BIP-GMAC-256	BIP-GMAC-256 only
SA Query timeout	200 ms	200 ms
Association comeback	Enabled	Enabled
Beacon protection	Recommended	Required

Transition Mode (WPA2/WPA3 Mixed)

When to Use Transition Mode

Transition mode allows both WPA2 and WPA3 clients on the same SSID during migration:

flowchart TD
    ASSESS[Assess Client Inventory] --> Q1{All clients<br/>WPA3 capable?}
    Q1 -->|Yes| WPA3_ONLY["WPA3-Only Mode<br/>(Recommended)"]
    Q1 -->|No| Q2{>80% WPA3<br/>capable?}

    Q2 -->|Yes| TRANSITION["Transition Mode<br/>(Time-limited)"]
    Q2 -->|No| Q3{Can upgrade<br/>clients?}

    Q3 -->|Yes| UPGRADE["Upgrade clients first"]
    Q3 -->|No| SEPARATE["Separate SSIDs<br/>WPA2 + WPA3"]

    UPGRADE --> Q1
    TRANSITION --> TIMELINE["Set transition<br/>end date"]
    TIMELINE --> WPA3_ONLY

Transition Mode Configuration

Setting	Value	Rationale
Authentication	WPA2-Enterprise + WPA3-Enterprise	Dual support
Encryption	AES-CCMP (WPA2) / AES-GCMP (WPA3)	Per-client negotiation
PMF	Required for WPA3, optional for WPA2	Maintain WPA2 compatibility
Transition Disable	Enabled	Prevent WPA3 client downgrade
Timeline	Maximum 12 months	Force migration completion

Transition Disable Feature

Transition Disable prevents WPA3-capable clients from connecting via WPA2:

sequenceDiagram
    participant C as WPA3 Client
    participant AP as Access Point

    Note over C,AP: First connection (WPA3)
    C->>AP: Associate (WPA3)
    AP->>C: Transition Disable indication
    C->>C: Store: "This network = WPA3 only"

    Note over C,AP: Subsequent attempt (attacker presents WPA2)
    C->>AP: Scan networks
    AP->>C: SSID available (WPA2)
    C->>C: Check stored policy
    C->>C: Reject WPA2 (Transition Disable)
    Note over C: Client refuses downgrade

Access Point Configuration Standards

Radio Settings for WPA3

Setting	Recommended Value	Standard Reference
Security mode	WPA3-Enterprise	Wi-Fi Alliance WPA3
PMF	Required	IEEE 802.11w
Fast BSS transition	Enabled (802.11r)	IEEE 802.11r
OKC (Opportunistic Key Caching)	Enabled	IEEE 802.11-2024
GTK rekey interval	86400 seconds (24 hours)	Security best practice
PTK rekey	On session timeout	Security best practice
Management frame protection	BIP-GMAC-256	IEEE 802.11w

RADIUS Integration

See 802.1X Implementation — RADIUS Architecture for complete RADIUS server configuration, failover, and attribute standards.

WPA3-specific parameter:

Parameter	Requirement	Notes
Session timeout	28800 seconds (8 hours)	Periodic reauthentication for WPA3-Enterprise sessions

Migration from WPA2-Enterprise

Migration Assessment

flowchart TD
    START[Begin WPA3 Migration] --> INVENTORY[Device Inventory]

    INVENTORY --> CAT1{Client Category}
    CAT1 --> MANAGED["Managed Devices<br/>(Organization-owned)"]
    CAT1 --> BYOD["BYOD/Personal"]
    CAT1 --> IOT["IoT Devices"]

    MANAGED --> M_CHECK{OS Version<br/>supports WPA3?}
    M_CHECK -->|Yes| M_READY["Ready for WPA3"]
    M_CHECK -->|No| M_UPDATE["Update OS or<br/>plan replacement"]

    BYOD --> B_CHECK{Enforce WPA3<br/>or provide fallback?}
    B_CHECK -->|Enforce| B_NOTIFY["Notify users<br/>of requirement"]
    B_CHECK -->|Fallback| B_SEPARATE["Separate SSID<br/>(WPA2 legacy)"]

    IOT --> I_CHECK{Device supports<br/>WPA3-Personal?}
    I_CHECK -->|Yes| I_MIGRATE["Migrate to<br/>WPA3-Personal SSID"]
    I_CHECK -->|No| I_ISOLATE["Keep on isolated<br/>IoT network"]

Client Compatibility Matrix

Operating System	Minimum Version	WPA3 Support	WPA3-Enterprise 192-bit
Windows	10 (1903)	Yes	Yes (11+)
Windows	11	Yes	Yes
macOS	10.15 (Catalina)	Yes	Yes
iOS	13.0	Yes	Yes
iPadOS	13.0	Yes	Yes
Android	10	Yes (device dependent)	Yes (12+)
ChromeOS	89	Yes	Yes
Linux	Kernel 5.0+	Yes (driver dependent)	Yes

Migration Timeline

gantt
    title WPA3-Enterprise Migration
    dateFormat  YYYY-MM-DD

    section Assessment
    Client inventory           :a1, 2026-03-01, 14d
    AP capability audit        :a2, 2026-03-01, 7d
    RADIUS/PKI readiness       :a3, 2026-03-08, 7d

    section Preparation
    Update AP firmware         :p1, 2026-03-15, 14d
    Configure WPA3 profiles    :p2, 2026-03-22, 7d
    Test with pilot group      :p3, 2026-03-29, 14d

    section Deployment
    Enable Transition Mode     :d1, 2026-04-15, 1d
    Monitor and remediate      :d2, 2026-04-15, 60d
    Disable WPA2 (new SSIDs)   :d3, 2026-06-15, 1d

    section Completion
    Full WPA3-only mode        :c1, 2026-09-01, 1d
    Legacy SSID retirement     :c2, 2026-09-15, 14d

Industry Adoption Data

WPA3 Enterprise Deployment Statistics

Metric	Value	Source	Year
WPA3-Enterprise capable APs shipped	94%	Wi-Fi Alliance	2024
Enterprise WPA3 deployments	61%	Ponemon Wireless Security	2024
WPA3-Enterprise 192-bit usage	12%	Federal CIO Council	2024
Transition mode deployments	34%	EMA Network Report	2024
Full WPA3-only enterprise networks	27%	EMA Network Report	2024

Client Support Statistics

Platform	WPA3 Support Rate	Notes
Enterprise Windows (managed)	98%	Win10/11 fleet
Enterprise macOS	96%	Catalina+ required
Enterprise iOS	99%	iOS 13+ universal
Android (enterprise)	87%	Fragmentation issues
IoT devices	23%	Major gap

Cost-Performance Analysis

Migration Costs

Component	Cost Range	Notes
AP firmware updates	$0	Included in support
AP hardware replacement (if needed)	$500-1,500/AP	Only for very old APs
RADIUS server updates	$0-5,000	May need EAP-TLS config
Client updates	$0	OS updates
PKI enhancements	$0-10,000	If certificate changes needed
Staff training	$2,000-5,000	WPA3 specifics
Testing and validation	$5,000-10,000	Pilot program
Total (100 APs, no replacement)	$7,000-30,000	—

Security Value

Benefit	Annual Value	Basis
Prevented deauth attacks	$10,000-50,000	PMF protection
Reduced credential exposure	$25,000-100,000	Stronger encryption
Compliance (CJIS, CMMC, HIPAA)	Required	Audit requirements
Extended device lifecycle	$20,000-50,000	Security longevity

TCO Comparison

graph TB
    subgraph WPA2_ONLY["WPA2-Enterprise Only (5-year)"]
        W2_DEPLOY["Deployment: $0"]
        W2_VULN["Vulnerability costs: $150K"]
        W2_COMPLIANCE["Compliance gaps: $100K"]
        W2_TOTAL["Total: ~$250K"]
    end

    subgraph WPA3_MIGRATE["WPA3-Enterprise Migration (5-year)"]
        W3_DEPLOY["Migration: $30K"]
        W3_VULN["Vulnerability costs: $25K"]
        W3_COMPLIANCE["Compliance: $0"]
        W3_TOTAL["Total: ~$55K"]
    end

    W2_TOTAL -->|"78% reduction"| SAVINGS["$195K savings<br/>+ security improvement"]
    W3_TOTAL --> SAVINGS

NIST Alignment

NIST SP 800-53 Control Mapping

Control ID	Control Name	WPA3-Enterprise Implementation
AC-18	Wireless Access	WPA3-Enterprise authentication
AC-18(1)	Authentication and Encryption	EAP-TLS + AES-GCMP-256
AC-18(3)	Disable Wireless Networking	N/A (secure wireless)
AC-18(4)	Restrict Configurations	Centralized AP management
AC-18(5)	Antennas/Transmission Power	Site survey-based config
IA-3	Device Identification	Device certificates
IA-5	Authenticator Management	Certificate lifecycle
SC-8	Transmission Confidentiality	AES-GCMP-256 encryption
SC-12	Cryptographic Key Management	PMK/PTK derivation
SC-13	Cryptographic Protection	FIPS 140-2 validated crypto
SC-40	Wireless Link Protection	PMF (802.11w)

NIST SP 800-153 Compliance

Requirement	WPA3-Enterprise Response
Use strong encryption	AES-GCMP-256 (192-bit mode)
Implement mutual authentication	EAP-TLS with certificates
Protect management frames	PMF required
Use RADIUS for authentication	802.1X with RADIUS
Implement rogue AP detection	Wireless IDS/IPS
Segment wireless traffic	Dynamic VLAN assignment

Troubleshooting Guide

Common Issues

Symptom	Likely Cause	Resolution
Client won’t connect to WPA3	Unsupported OS/driver	Update client OS and drivers
192-bit mode failures	Certificate algorithm mismatch	Use ECDSA P-384 certificates
Roaming failures	802.11r misconfiguration	Verify FT settings on all APs
Intermittent disconnects	PMF timeout issues	Adjust SA Query timeout
RADIUS timeout	Server can’t validate certificate	Check certificate chain, OCSP
Slow authentication	EAP-TLS full handshake	Enable OKC and 802.11r

Diagnostic Flowchart

flowchart TD
    ISSUE[WPA3 Connection Issue] --> Q1{Client shows<br/>WPA3 available?}
    Q1 -->|No| FIX1[Check AP config,<br/>client compatibility]
    Q1 -->|Yes| Q2{Association<br/>succeeds?}

    Q2 -->|No| FIX2[Check RSN<br/>capabilities match]
    Q2 -->|Yes| Q3{EAP starts?}

    Q3 -->|No| FIX3[Verify RADIUS<br/>connectivity]
    Q3 -->|Yes| Q4{Certificate<br/>validated?}

    Q4 -->|No| FIX4[Check cert chain,<br/>validity, algorithm]
    Q4 -->|Yes| Q5{4-way handshake<br/>completes?}

    Q5 -->|No| FIX5[Check PTK/GTK<br/>cipher support]
    Q5 -->|Yes| Q6{Data flows?}

    Q6 -->|No| FIX6[Check VLAN,<br/>firewall rules]
    Q6 -->|Yes| SUCCESS[Connection OK]

Implementation Checklist

Pre-Deployment

Verify all APs support WPA3-Enterprise
Confirm RADIUS server supports required EAP methods
Validate PKI can issue compliant certificates
Inventory client devices for compatibility
Plan transition mode timeline (if needed)
Configure test SSID for validation

Deployment

Update AP firmware to latest version
Configure WPA3-Enterprise security profile
Enable PMF (required)
Configure 802.11r for fast roaming
Enable Transition Disable
Set appropriate session timeout
Configure RADIUS failover

Post-Deployment

Monitor authentication success rates
Track WPA2 vs WPA3 client distribution
Review security logs for anomalies
Plan WPA2 deprecation date
Document exceptions and remediation plans

Procurement Pass/Fail Checklist

Use this checklist to evaluate any wireless infrastructure component before purchase for WPA3-Enterprise compliance. Every Required item must pass. If any Required item fails, the component is not approved for procurement.

WPA3 Infrastructure Procurement Checklist

#	Requirement	Required	Pass	Fail
1	WPA3-Enterprise certified (Wi-Fi Alliance)	Yes	☐	☐
2	192-bit security mode with CNSA 2.0 algorithm support (ECDSA P-384+, AES-256); vendor must confirm CNSA 2.0 exclusive-use capability by 2030	Yes	☐	☐
3	Protected Management Frames (PMF / 802.11w) mandatory mode	Yes	☐	☐
4	TLS 1.3 (RFC 8446) for all EAP-TLS sessions	Yes	☐	☐
5	Transition Disable indication support	Yes	☐	☐
6	802.11r (Fast BSS Transition) support	Yes	☐	☐
7	Configurable session timeout and reauthentication interval	Yes	☐	☐
8	ECDSA P-384 certificate support (required per CNSA 2.0 2026 timeline)	Yes	☐	☐

Results

Outcome	Action
All Required items pass	Approved for procurement
Any Required item fails	Not approved — do not purchase
Questions about a specific device	Contact Network Engineering

How to Verify Requirements

Checklist Item	Where to Find
WPA3-Enterprise certification	Wi-Fi Alliance product finder, vendor spec sheet
192-bit security mode	Vendor documentation, “WPA3-Enterprise 192-bit” in spec sheet
PMF mandatory mode	Configuration guide, WPA3 certification includes PMF
TLS 1.3	RADIUS server documentation, supplicant OS requirements
Transition Disable	Firmware release notes, Wi-Fi Alliance certification
802.11r support	Vendor spec sheet, configuration guide
Session timeout / reauth	Management platform documentation
ECDSA P-384 certificates (CNSA 2.0)	PKI documentation, certificate enrollment guide, vendor CNSA 2.0 compliance statement

References

IEEE 802.11-2024, “Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications,” IEEE, December 2020.
IEEE 802.11i-2004, “Amendment 6: Medium Access Control (MAC) Security Enhancements,” IEEE, July 2004.
IEEE 802.11w-2009, “Amendment 4: Protected Management Frames,” IEEE, September 2009.
IEEE 802.11r-2008, “Amendment 2: Fast Basic Service Set (BSS) Transition,” IEEE, July 2008.
Wi-Fi Alliance, “WPA3 Specification Version 3.5,” Wi-Fi Alliance, February 2025.
Wi-Fi Alliance, “WPA3 Security Considerations,” Wi-Fi Alliance Technical Note, 2024.
IETF RFC 9190, “EAP-TLS 1.3: Using the Extensible Authentication Protocol with TLS 1.3,” IETF, February 2022.
IETF RFC 8446, “The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3,” IETF, August 2018.
NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5, “Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations,” NIST, August 2025.
NIST SP 800-153, “Guidelines for Securing Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs),” NIST, February 2012.
NSA, “Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0,” NSA Cybersecurity, September 2022.

Cross-References

Document	Relationship
802.1X Implementation	RADIUS architecture and EAP-TLS authentication
OWE Enhanced Open Standards	Guest network encryption (non-enterprise SSIDs)
SSID Standards	Per-SSID security profile assignments
Access Point Specifications	AP WPA3-Enterprise hardware requirements
Wireless Client Requirements	Client WPA3 supplicant and cipher suite requirements
Network Segmentation	VLAN-based security zones enforced via WPA3

For questions about these standards, open an issue or contact the Network Engineering team.

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